3D printed PEEK/HA composites for bone tissue engineering applications: Effect of material formulation on mechanical performance and bioactive potential

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a biocompatible polymer widely used for biomedical applications. Because it biologically inert, bioactive phases, such as nano-hydroxyapatite (HA), have been added to PEEK in order improve its bioactivity. 3D printing (3DP) technologies are being increasingly today manufacture patient specific devices and implants. However, processing of challenging due high melting point which above 340 °C. In this study, PEEK-based filaments containing 10 wt% pure nano-HA, strontium (Sr)- doped nano-HA Zinc (Zn)-doped were produced via hot-melt extrusion subsequently printed fused deposition modelling (FDM), following an initial optimization process. The raw materials, extruded samples characterized terms physicochemical, thermal morphological analysis. Moreover, the mechanical performance specimens was assessed tensile tensing. Although increase reduction crystallization temperature observed with addition HA PEEK, there no noticeable degree crystallinity. Regarding behavior, significant differences detected inorganic phases polymeric matrix, although small ultimate strength (~14%) Young's modulus (~5%) PEEK/HA comparison PEEK. vitro bioactivity evaluated simulated body fluid immersion test up 28 days; formation apatite on surfaces sample HA, SrHA ZnHA. These results indicate potential produce bioactive, 3DP composites applications craniofacial bone repair. • composite prepared by method. Fused revealed promising manufacturing technology successful production composites. No differences, matrix. showed better